Habitat dissimilarity and GuniFrac distances between the organizations were not correlated (Mantel test: nproducts = 15, ngroups = 6, r = ? 0.149, p = 0.553; late dry 2016: nsamples = 15, ngroups = 6, r = 0.008, p = 0.972; early dry 2017: nsamples = 21, ngroups = 7, r = ? 0.154 once promo code, p = 0.561; late dry 2017: nsamples = 21, ngroups = 7, r = 0.064, p = 0.776; Table S8). The model examining the effects of habitat overlap and diet dissimilarities on groups’ GuniFrac distances was also not significant (LMM II: ? 2 = 3.264, df = 2, p = 0.196, R 2 m/c = 0.08/0.98) (Table S9).
The fresh 18S rRNA gene research of one’s land vegetation utilized in faecal examples showed that no less than at the lower taxonomic account, we.elizabeth. before the members of the family level, eating plan didn’t apparently connect with anywhere between-classification type when you look at the microbiome constitution. Despite visible between-class adaptation inside the dining plant compositions, groups’ microbial microbiome compositions did not echo these types of variations when aesthetically inspecting the brand new respective graphs (Fig. 2A, B). We receive, yet not, seasonal weight reduction designs. During the early lifeless year in both analysis decades, faecal trials contained the great majority of herbs on the families Combretaceae and you can Salicaceae, while when you look at the late dry seasons Fabaceae and you will Sapindaceae have been consumed within the better number (Fig. 2B).
Beta diversity: maternal relatedness
We examined the effects of maternal relatedness coefficients on GuniFrac distances among all individuals, i.e. between both, group members and individuals from different groups. The interaction between the relatedness coefficient and group membership (same or different) was not significant (likelihood ratio test comparing the model with and without the interaction: ? 2 = 0.105, df = 1, p = 0.746), which is why we excluded it from the model. The model without the interaction was highly significant (LMM III:? 2 = , df = 1, p < 0.001, R 2 m/c = 0.51/0.92) (Table S10). Maternal relatives had a more similar microbiome than unrelated individuals, and this effect was independent of whether these relatives lived in the same group or not (Fig. 3).
GuniFrac ranges of the many studies pets in terms of its maternal relatedness coefficient and you can category registration. An Rc out of 0.25–0.fifty makes reference to dyads wherein we simply cannot see whether they is full- otherwise 1 / 2 of-sisters
Beta range: seasonality, sex, ages, and you can association rates
The model examining correlations of dyadic GuniFrac dissimilarity with seasonality, sex, age classes, and the time two group members spent affiliating was significant (LMM IV: ? 2 = , df = 10, p < 0.001, R 2 m/c = 0.70/0.91) (Tables S11). Bacterial microbiomes of group members increased in similarity across the study period; they were least similar in the early and late dry season 2016 and most similar in the late dry season 2017. Samples of adults differed most from each other, whereas samples among juveniles and infants were more similar (Fig. 4A). Neither sex nor time spent affiliating significantly affected microbiome similarity.
Differences in gut similarity and association networks within groups per age category, female reproductive state, and male dominance. A, C GuniFrac distances between group members of different or same age categories or rank categories of adult group members only. As there is only one dominant male per group, we could not compare two dominant individuals. We did not have enough adult female group members to compare their GuniFrac distances during different reproductive stages. B, D, E ASVs associated with the different age categories, adult female reproductive stages, or rank categories within groups, respectively. The association network was calculated and visualised in the same way as described in Fig. 1. The network for age categories only contains data from the late dry seasons since animals were only considered infants, when they were < 9 months of age. Hence, during the early dry seasons, there were no infants in the population
